Ergonomia en actividades académicas desde casa

Introducción: A consecuencia de la emergencia sanitaria por el virus SARS-CoV2, las actividades académicas migraron de forma repentina a un entorno de trabajo remoto; esto provocó que los hogares de todo el mundo se convirtieran en el asentamiento urgente de las estaciones de trabajo académico. La ergonomia como disciplina científica cobra relevancia al ser un aliado subsanador para mitigar los riesgos asociados con la aparición de lesiones musculoesqueléticas. De acuerdo con la memoria estadística del Instituto Mexicano de Seguridad Social, IMSS1, en el primer año de pandemia de COVID-19 se registraron 30 860 atenciones por lesiones en la región de manos y muñecas, 9696 en la zona de cabeza y cuello, 6251 dorsopatías y 1673 atenciones por astenopia a jóvenes de entre 18 a 29 años que desarrollaban actividades escolares. Objetivo: En este sentido, se aborda la presente investigación para conocer la composición de los espacios de trabajo académico en casa y analizar si existen factores o elementos que incidan en el riesgo de lesiones musculoesqueléticas en los estudiantes del nivel superior. Metodología: A través de un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales que cuenta con el constructo latente de las posibles lesiones (PL) en manos, espalda, piernas, cabeza, vista, oído, agotamiento físico y la respiración, las variables observables se atribuyen a los espacios utilizados para las actividades académicas en casa, muebles y equipos, Condiciones y Medio Ambiente (CyMAT). Resultados y discusión: Se encontró que un mal diseño de la estación de trabajo académico en casa, aunado a la utilización inadecuada de los muebles y equipos, aumenta la posibilidad de presentar síntomas asociados con las LMEs y, por tanto, daños en la salud del estudiante. Conclusión: La mediación de las estaciones de trabajo a través de la implementación de elementos ergonómicos mejora de forma sustancial la calidad de trabajo académico en casa, y hace evidente la importancia de la ergonomía como disciplina científica.

Introduction: As a result of the health emergency of the SARS-CoV2 virus, academic activities suddenly migrated to a remote work environment, causing homes around the world to become the urgent settlement of academic workstations. Ergonomics as a scientific discipline becomes relevant as it is a healing ally to mitigate the risks associated with the appearance of musculoskeletal injuries. According to the statistical report of the Mexican Institute of Social Security, IMSS1, in the first year of the COVID 19 pandemic, 30,860 care for injuries in the hands and wrists region, 9,696 in the head and neck area, 6,251 dorsopathies and 1,673 care for asthenopia were registered to young people between 18 and 29 years old who develop school activities. Objective: In this sense, this research is addressed to know the composition of academic workspaces at home and analyze if some factors or elements affect the risk of musculoskeletal injuries in students of the higher level. Methodology: Through a structural equations model that has the latent construct of possible injuries (PL) in the hands, back, legs, head, eyesight, hearing, physical exhaustion, and breathing; the observable variables are attributed to the spaces used for academic activities at home, furniture and equipment, conditions and environment (CyMAT) Results and discussion: It is explored that a bad design of the academic workstation at home coupled with the inappropriate use of furniture and equipment increases the possibility of presenting symptoms associated with SCI and therefore, damage to the student's health. Conclusion: The mediation of workstations through the implementation of ergonomic elements substantially improves the quality of academic work at home, making evident the importance of ergonomics as a scientific discipline

Green Products Purchase Intention in Chilean Consumers: Comparing Three Models Using Structural Equations / Intención de Compra de Productos Ecológicos en Consumidores Chilenos: Comparación de Tres Modelos por Ecuaciones Estructurales

Abstract The objective of this study was to compare three models: the theory of reasoned action (TRA), the theory of planned behavior (TPB), and its extended form (ETPB), to predict the intention of Chilean consumers for purchasing green products. Five hundred people were surveyed, establishing an inter-rater reliability analysis, and a discriminant, convergent and construct validity using three structural equation models (SEM). The results showed that the ETPB model is useful to explain the consumption behavior intention for green products based on a triple bottom line, whose main contribution is the indirect effect of EC on the model. The study found that of the three variables, PBC was the strongest predictor of purchase intention, followed by attitude. In conclusion, both the ETPB model and the green products purchase intention instrument contribute to broaden the studies about consumer behavior in sustainable marketing in Chile.

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio fue comparar los modelos de teoría de acción razonada (TAR), teoría de comportamiento planificado (TCP) y su forma extendida (TCPE), para predecir la intención de compra de productos ecológicos en consumidores chilenos. Se encuestaron 500 personas y se estableció un análisis de fiabilidad interjuez, validez discriminante, convergente y de constructo a través de modelos de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM). Los resultados señalan que el modelo TCPE es útil para explicar la intención de comportamiento de consumo ante productos verdes con base en una triple línea de fondo, cuya principal contribución es el efecto indirecto de PA sobre el modelo. De las tres variables, se evidencia que el CCP era la predictora más fuerte de la intención de compra, seguida de la actitud. En conclusión, tanto el modelo TCPE como el instrumento de intención de compra de productos verdes contribuyen a la ampliación de estudios sobre el comportamiento del consumidor en marketing sustentable en Chile.

The relationship between multiple traumatic events and the severity of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms - evidence for a cognitive link.

Background: Previous research has shown that multiple traumatic experiences cumulatively increase the risk for the development of severe symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Yet, little is known about the specific psychological mechanism through which this increased risk comes about.Objective: In the present study, we examined a possible cognitive link between multiple traumatic events and PTSD symptom severity through dysfunctional cognitions and expectations.Methods: A sample of patients with a diagnosed PTSD (N = 70; MAge = 42.06; 82% female) and high symptom burden (IES-R M = 79.24) was examined. On average, patients had experienced 5.31 different traumatic events. In a structural equation model, we tested the hypothesis that the relationship between multiple traumatic experiences and PTSD symptom severity is mediated through dysfunctional general cognitions and dysfunctional situation-specific expectations. General trauma-related cognitions were assessed with the Posttraumatic Cognition Inventory (PTCI) and trauma-related situational expectations were assessed with the Posttraumatic Expectations Scale (PTES).Results: The direct effect of the number of traumatic events on PTSD symptom severity was non-significant. Instead, as hypothesised, there was evidence for a significant indirect effect via dysfunctional general cognitions and situation-specific expectations.Conclusions: The current results further specify the cognitive model of PTSD by indicating that the relationship between the number of traumatic events and PTSD symptom severity is mediated through dysfunctional cognitions and expectations. These findings emphasise the importance of focused cognitive treatment approaches that seek to modify dysfunctional cognitions and expectations in people with multiple traumatic experiences.

This study shows a cognitive link between the experience of multiple traumatic events and the severity of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms.The aforementioned relationship is mediated through trauma-related general cognitions and situational expectations.The results provide further evidence for the cognitive model of PTSD and further specify it by considering different types of trauma-related cognitions.

Soledad y ansiedad durante el confinamiento por COVID-19. El efecto mediador de la regulación emocional / Loneliness and anxiety during COVID-19 lockdown. The mediating effect of emotion regulation

Resumen El confinamiento ocasionado por la pandemia del COVID-19 ha impactado en la vida de los estudiantes universitarios en todo el mundo. Conocer sus efectos en la salud mental y el comportamiento será una prioridad en los siguientes años. En este contexto, el objetivo de la presente investigación fue analizar por primera vez las relaciones directas e indirectas entre la experiencia de soledad, las estrategias de regulación emocional desadaptativas (rumiación, evitación, supresión, catastrofización y autoculpa) y la ansiedad en una muestra de universitarios mexicanos. Con base en él, se hipotetizó que las estrategias de regulación emocional desadaptativas mediarían la relación entre la soledad y la ansiedad. Para lograr este propósito se especificó un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales. Un total de 824 estudiantes universitarios participaron en la presente investigación. Los resultados mostraron que los datos se ajustaron de manera adecuada al modelo estructural especificado. Por otra parte, también se encontró que la soledad tuvo un efecto directo que no fue estadísticamente significativo con la ansiedad. En conclusión, estos hallazgos revelan la presencia de un efecto de mediación al mostrar que la soledad estuvo relacionada indirectamente con la ansiedad por su relación con las estrategias de regulación emocional desadaptativas. Con ello, al analizar la función mediadora de las estrategias de regulación emocional desadaptativas se aportaron, por primera vez en México, nuevos elementos que permiten conocer con mayor profundidad los efectos directos e indirectos de estos tres constructos.

Abstract The lockdown caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the lives of undergraduate students around the world. Knowing its effects on mental health and behavior will be a priority for years to come. Due to the multiple negative effects that confinement by the COVID-19 pandemic has brought, this study aims to provide new scientific evidence that will allow a better understanding of the effects of the experience of loneliness caused by this pandemic. Based on the procedural model of emotion regulation created by Gross, the objective of this research was to analyze the direct and indirect relations between the experience of loneliness, maladaptive emotion regulation strategies (rumination, avoidance, suppression, catastrophizing, and self-blame) and anxiety in a sample of Mexican undergraduate students. Based on this goal, it was hypothesized that maladaptive emotion regulation strategies would mediate the relation between loneliness and anxiety. To achieve this purpose, a total of 824 undergraduate students participated in the present research. In addition to providing their sociodemographic data, they answered the De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale, the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, the Cognitive-Behavioral Avoidance Scale, the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, and the Beck Anxiety Inventory. In order to carry out the mediating analysis, a structural equation model was created which included three latent variables (loneliness, maladaptive emotion regulation strategies and anxiety). This model was tested using the Lavaan software. The indirect effects were analyzed using the bootstrapping method. The results showed that maladaptive emotional regulation strategies had a mediating role which was positive and significant in the relation between loneliness and anxiety. Regarding the measurement model, confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the measurement model comprising the three latent variables. Results showed that the measurement model fit the observed data appropriately. Furthermore, with the purpose of examining the validity of the measurement model, the average variance extracted and square root of the average variance extracted were calculated. Findings indicated that the average variance extracted for each construct was higher than all the squared correlations involving that construct. This confirmed the discriminant validity of all variables of study. Regarding the structural model, results showed acceptable data fit. The model explained 48 % of the variance in anxiety. The structural equation analysis revealed that loneliness was related positively with maladaptive emotion regulation strategies. Similarly, maladaptive emotion regulation strategies were associated positively with anxiety. Likewise, it was possible to confirm the main hypothesis of this study which stated that maladaptive emotion regulation strategies would mediate the influence of loneliness on anxiety among Mexican university students. Finally, it was confirmed that loneliness had a nonsignificant direct effect on anxiety. Regarding the contribution of each of the five maladaptive emotion regulation strategies, rumination had a significant function in the mediating process showing that loneliness had an impact on anxiety via the continuous thoughts that participants had about their own emotions. In turn, because of the strategy of catastrophizing, participants intensified their thoughts and emotions waiting for the worse scenario which in turn increased their levels of anxiety. Likewise, the strategies of avoidance and suppression had also a significant contribution on the mediating role of maladaptive strategies. Finally, the strategy of self-blame was a significant contribution to the mediating function. Therefore, with the purpose of controlling emotions associated with loneliness, it was possible that participants could blame themselves as a mechanism to regulate their emotions. In conclusion, these findings reveal the presence of a mediating effect by showing that loneliness was indirectly related to anxiety via its relation with maladaptive emotion regulation strategies.

Socioeconomic Status, Cultural Capital, and Social Capital in Adults: A Structural Equation Model / Estatus Socioeconómico, Capital Cultural y Capital Social en Adultos: unModelo de Ecuaciones Estructurales

Background: Sociocultural level (SCL) comprises Socioeconomic Status(SES), Cultural Capital (CC), and Social Capital (SC). The relationshipsbetween all SCL dimensions have never been investigated. This study aimedto develop a structural equation model representing how age affects therelationships between educational level, occupational prestige (as a measureof SES), CC, and SC for men and women. Method: SES, dimensions ofCC and SC were measured with valid scales for 654 adults (63% female)aged 19 to 74 years (M[SD] = 42.86 [13.32]), that had or used to havean occupation and the majority of whom had at least a university degree(65%). All lived in a medium-sized town in Italy. Results: Age affectedthe interrelated indicators of SES (educational level and occupationalprestige), which in turn affected the interrelated dimensions CC and SC(CFI = .97; RMSEA = .073 [CI = .053 - .095]; SRMR = 0.031). The systemof relationships was simpler in men than in women, with educational levelbeing less relevant in affecting the other constructs. Conclusions: Thehierarchical structure of SCL and effect of age and gender must be properlytaken into account in studies on the effects of SCL on human behavior.

Antecedentes: el Nivel Sociocultural(NSC) es compuesto de Estatus Socioeconómico (ESS), Capital Cultural(CC) y Capital Social (CS). Nunca se han investigado las relaciones entrelas dimensiones del NSC. Este estudio tiene como objetivo desarrollar unmodelo de ecuaciones estructurales que represente cómo afecta la edada las relaciones entre el nivel educativo, el prestigio ocupacional (comomedida del ESS), el CC y el CS en hombres y mujeres. Método: el niveleducativo, el prestigio ocupacional, las dimensiones del CC y el CS semidieron con escalas validadas en 654 adultos (63% mujeres), de 19 a 74años de edad, la mayoría en posesión de al menos un título universitario(65%), que tenían o habían tenido una ocupación laboral. Todos vivían enel municipio de una ciudad italiana de tamaño medio. Resultados: la edadafecta a los indicadores interrelacionados del ESS, que a su vez afectan alas dimensiones interrelacionadas de CC y CS (CFI = .97; RMSEA = .073[CI = .053 - .095]; SRMR = 0.031). Conclusiones: la estructura jerárquicadel NSC y los efectos sobre el mismo de la edad y el género deben sertenidos en cuenta en el estudio de los efectos del NSC

Explaining Heterogeneity of Daily Conflict Spillover in the Family: The Role of Dyadic Marital Conflict Patterns.

In this multi-informant, longitudinal, daily diary study, we investigated whether long-term dyadic patterns of marital conflict resolution explain the heterogeneity in short-term day-to-day cross-lagged associations between marital conflict intensity and mother-adolescent conflict intensity. The sample consisted of 419 adolescents (44.6% girls, Mage = 13.02, SD = 0.44, at T1; Mage = 17.02, SD = 0.44, at T5), their mothers (N = 419, Mage = 44.48, SD = 4.17, at T1), and their fathers (N = 419, Mage = 46.76, SD = 4.99, at T1). Mothers and fathers reported on their marital conflict resolution strategies annually across 5 years. Mother-father daily conflict intensity (mother-reported) and mother-adolescent daily conflict intensity (mother- and adolescent-reported) were assessed for 75 days across 5 years. We hypothesized that long-term marital conflict resolution patterns would moderate the short-term daily dynamics of conflict between the marital and the mother-adolescent dyads. Latent Class Growth Analysis revealed four types of families based on long-term dyadic marital conflict resolution, including families where mostly constructive or mostly destructive conflict resolution was used. Dynamic Structural Equation Modeling was used to investigate the daily levels and short-term daily dynamics of conflict, revealing that for most families there were no day-to-day lagged associations between marital conflict and mother-adolescent conflict. Results showed that long-term conflict resolution patterns did not moderate the short-term dynamics of daily conflict. However, differences among long-term marital conflict resolution patterns were found in the levels of daily conflict, such that in families with long-term destructive conflict resolution patterns, daily conflict intensity was higher.

En este estudio de informantes múltiples, longitudinal y de registro diario, investigamos si los patrones diádicos de resolución de conflictos conyugales a largo plazo explican la heterogeneidad en las asociaciones diarias de retardo cruzado a corto plazo entre la intensidad del conflicto conyugal y la intensidad del conflicto entre las madres y los adolescentes. La muestra estuvo integrada por 419 adolescentes (el 44.6 % niñas, edad promedio = 13.02, desviación típica = 0.44, en la T1; edad promedio = 17.02, desviación típica= 0.44, en la T5), sus madres (número = 419, edad promedio = 44.48, desviación típica = 4.17, en la T1), y sus padres (número = 419, edad promedio= 46.76, desviación típica = 4.99, en la T1). Las madres y los padres informaron sus estrategias de resolución de conflictos conyugales anualmente durante cinco años. Se evaluaron la intensidad del conflicto diario entre la madre y el padre (informado por la madre) y la intensidad del conflicto diario entre la madre y el adolescente (informado por la madre y el adolescente) durante 75 días a lo largo de cinco años. Planteamos la hipótesis de que los patrones de resolución de conflicto conyugal a largo plazo moderarían la dinámica diaria de conflicto a corto plazo entre la díada conyugal y la díada madre-adolescente. El análisis de crecimiento de clases latentes reveló cuatro tipos de familias sobre la base de la resolución de conflictos conyugales diádicos a largo plazo, incluidas las familias donde se usó la resolución de conflictos principalmente constructiva o principalmente destructiva. Se utilizó el modelo de ecuaciones estructurales dinámicas para investigar los niveles diarios y la dinámica diaria de conflicto a corto plazo, el cual reveló que para la mayoría de las familias no hubo asociaciones diarias retardadas entre el conflicto conyugal y el conflicto entre madres y adolescentes. Los resultados indicaron que los patrones de resolución de conflictos a largo plazo no moderaron la dinámica a corto plazo del conflicto diario. Sin embargo, se encontraron diferencias entre los patrones de resolución de conflictos conyugales a largo plazo en los niveles de conflicto diario, de modo que, en las familias con patrones de resolución de conflictos destructivos a largo plazo, la intensidad del conflicto diario fue mayor.

Model of Psychological Empowerment Based on Structural Equations for Predicting Autonomy / Modelo de empoderamiento psicológico basado en ecuaciones estructurales para predecir la autonomía

Abstract The study relies on the assumption that one of the main effects of phycological empowerment composed by attributes like self-esteem, locus of control, and assertiveness, is increased autonomy. The theoretical arguments are tested based on a structural equation model that allows estimating hypothetical relationships simultaneously. Additionally, differences in means between women and men are estimated for each phycological variable and the hypothetical model is tested separately to both sexes. 1,569 people (56% women) from five Mexican States compose the sample. The average age is 29 years and 59% of the sample has college degrees. The results suggest that psychological empowerment is strongly related to autonomy.

Resumen Este trabajo parte del supuesto de que uno de los principales efectos del empoderamiento psicológico es el incremento de la autonomía, y que atributos como la autoestima, el locus de control y la asertividad lo constituyen. Con base en ello, se probaron ambos planteamientos teóricos a través de un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales, ya que la técnica permite estimar relaciones hipotéticas simultáneamente. Asimismo, se estimaron las diferencias en las medias de cada una de las variables psicológicas entre mujeres y hombres y se probó el mismo modelo hipotético de forma separada para cada sexo. La muestra la conforman 1,569 personas (56% son mujeres) de cinco entidades federativas de México, la edad promedio es de 29 años y el 59% cuentan con estudios universitarios. Los resultados sugieren que el empoderamiento psicológico tiene una fuerte relación con la autonomía.

Evidências desfavoráveis ao postulado de cargas fatoriais simples do Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio (ENEM) / Evidence contrary to the assumption of simple Factor loadings of the National High School Education Exam (ENEM) / Evidencias desfavorables al postulado de cargas factoriales Simples del Examen Nacional de Enseñanza Secundaria (ENEM)

O Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio (ENEM) possui um modelo de medida restrito, caracterizado pelo postulado de que os itens marcadores de cada domínio se vinculam exclusivamente ao seus domínios-alvo. Estudos pregressos sugerem, por meio de evidências indiretas, que esse modelo não seria válido. No entanto, esse postulado ainda não foi diretamente avaliado. Neste estudo, investiga-se esse pressuposto por meio de análises fatoriais dos itens do ENEM de 2011. Dois modelos foram testados. O primeiro, chamado de estrutura simples de Thurstone, representa o modelo de medida do ENEM. O segundo, de cargas cruzadas, refuta esse modelo. O modelo das cargas cruzadas foi o único que apresentou bom ajuste aos dados de acordo com todos os índices empregados. As evidências encontradas são desfavoráveis ao postulado de cargas fatoriais simples do modelo de medida do ENEM, indicando problemas de validade e na qualidade dos escores produzidos. (AU)

The National High School Examination (ENEM) has a restricted measurement model characterized by the assumption that the marker items in each domain are exclusively linked to their target domain. Previous studies suggest, through indirect evidence, that this model may not be valid. However, this postulate has not yet been directly assessed. In this study, this assumption was investigated through factor analysis of the items of the ENEM 2011 edition. Two models were tested. The first, called Thurstone's simple structure, represents the measurement model of the ENEM. The second, of crossed loadings, refute this model. The crossed loadings model was the only one that presented a good fit to the data according to all the indices employed. The evidence found is unfavorable for the assumption of simple factor loadings of the measurement model of the ENEM, indicating issues of validity and in the quality of the scores produced. (AU)

El Examen Nacional de Enseñanza Secundaria (ENEM) tiene un modelo de medición restringido, caracterizado por el postulado de que los ítems marcadores en cada dominio están vinculados exclusivamente a su dominio objetivo. Estudios previos sugieren, a través de evidencia indirecta, que este modelo no sería válido. Sin embargo, este postulado aún no ha sido evaluado directamente. En este estudio se investiga este supuesto a través del análisis factorial de los ítems del ENEM 2011. Se probaron dos modelos. El primero, llamado estructura simple de Thurstone, representa el modelo de medición ENEM. El segundo, de cargas cruzadas, refuta este modelo. El modelo de carga cruzada fue el único que presentó un buen ajuste a los datos de acuerdo con todos los índices empleados. Las evidencias encontradas son desfavorables al supuesto de cargas factoriales simples del modelo de medición del ENEM, lo que indica problemas de validez y en la calidad de las puntuaciones producidas. (AU)

Conocimientos sobre tabaco y sus riesgos a la salud en Costa Rica: un análisis estructural / Knowledge about tobacco and its health risks in Costa Rica: structural analysis

Resumen Objetivo: Identificar factores asociados al conocimiento sobre el tabaco y los riesgos de su consumo basados en la "Encuesta global de tabaquismo en adultos" realizada en Costa Rica durante el 2015. Métodos: Estudio epidemiológico, observacional de tipo transversal con representación nacional (n = 8 607). Con la base de datos de la "Encuesta global de tabaquismo en adultos", se diseñó un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales y se construyó la variable latente: conocimientos. Como determinantes del conocimiento se usaron las variables: sociodemográficas, económicas, fumado, cesación, exposición a la publicidad y a la información sobre los peligros de fumar incluidas en la encuesta. Resultados: El conocimiento sobre el tabaco y los riesgos del consumo aumentó con la edad, fue superior en hombres y en zonas urbanas. Los fumadores tuvieron menos conocimientos sobre el fumado pasivo y más sobre enfermedades. Conclusiones: La Encuesta global de tabaquismo en adultos permitió medir el nivel de conocimiento sobre los riesgos asociados al tabaco y estudiar sus determinantes socioeconómicos.

Abstract Objective: To identify tobacco knowledge and consumption risk determinants based on the Global Adult Tobacco Survey carried out in Costa Rica in 2015. Methods: Cross-sectional study using a multi-stage cluster sample, nationally representative of Costa Rica (n = 8 607). A structural equation model was conducted. A latent endogenous (dependent) variable called knowledge was constructed. Exogenous (independent) observed variables were: sociodemographic factors, household wealth, prior smoking, cessation attempt, exposure to advertising and to information on the dangers of smoking included in Global Adult Tobacco Survey. Results: Knowledge about tobacco and the risks of consumption increased with age, it was higher in men and in urban areas. Smokers had less knowledge about passive smoking and more about diseases. Conclusions: Global Adult Tobacco Survey allowed to measure the level of knowledge about the risks associated with tobacco and study its socioeconomic determinants.

When Fathers Are Involved: Examining Relational and Psychosocial Health among Military Families.

Father involvement can promote the psychosocial health of family members (i.e., fathers, mothers, and children). However, the association between father involvement and individual members' psychosocial health may depend on the quality of the marital relationship and the perceptions of the reporting family member. Research with multiple reporters from the same family is needed identify how family members perceive the impact of father involvement on family member well-being. Using a risk and resilience theoretical framework applied to a family systems perspective, the current study examines associations between father involvement, family flexibility, marital quality, and psychosocial health with a sample of 207 military families (including fathers, mothers, and their adolescents). After accounting for military context, a conditional structural equation model was used to examine the associations between fathers' involvement and family members' psychosocial health. Family flexibility was examined as a mediator between these associations and marital quality as a moderator. Findings suggest that when fathers are more involved, both mothers and fathers report less family flexibility, and that family flexibility was positively associated with family member (father, mother, and adolescent) well-being. Further, father involvement was indirectly related to mothers' psychosocial health through family flexibility, and father involvement was directly associated with better psychosocial health for fathers and adolescents. Marital quality moderated these associations for fathers, mothers, and adolescents. Given the combined benefits of father involvement, family flexibility, and positive marital relationships, clinical efforts to provide information to increase knowledge and skills around maintaining a healthy relationship could serve to promote psychosocial health by improving marital quality and family flexibility.

La participación del padre puede promover la salud psicosocial de los miembros de la familia (p. ej.: padres, madres e hijos). Sin embargo, la asociación entre la participación del padre y la salud psicosocial individual de los miembros de la familia puede depender de la calidad de la relación conyugal y de las percepciones del miembro de la familia que informa. Se necesitan investigaciones con varios informantes de la misma familia para identificar cómo los miembros de la familia perciben el efecto de la participación del padre en el bienestar de los miembros de la familia. Utilizando un marco teórico de riesgo y resiliencia aplicado a una perspectiva de sistemas familiares, el presente estudio analiza las asociaciones entre la participación del padre, la flexibilidad familiar, la calidad conyugal y la salud psicosocial con una muestra de 207 familias de militares (incluidos los padres, las madres y sus adolescentes). Después de tener en cuenta el contexto militar, se utilizó un modelo condicional de ecuaciones estructurales para analizar las asociaciones entre la participación de los padres y la salud psicosocial de los miembros de la familia. Se analizó la flexibilidad familiar como mediadora entre estas asociaciones y la calidad conyugal como moderadora. Los resultados sugieren que cuando los padres participan más, tanto las madres como los padres informan menos flexibilidad familiar, y que la flexibilidad familiar estuvo asociada positivamente con el bienestar de los miembros de la familia (padre, madre y adolescente). Además, la participación de los padres estuvo indirectamente relacionada con la salud psicosocial de las madres mediante la flexibilidad familiar, y la participación de los padres estuvo asociada directamente con una mejor salud psicosocial en los padres y los adolescentes. La calidad conyugal moderó estas asociaciones en el caso de los padres, las madres y los adolescentes. Teniendo en cuenta los beneficios combinados de la participación del padre, la flexibilidad familiar y las relaciones conyugales positivas, los esfuerzos clínicos para proporcionar información a fin de ampliar el conocimiento y las habilidades en torno al mantenimiento de una relación saludable podrían servir para promover la salud psicosocial mejorando la calidad conyugal y la flexibilidad familiar.

Análisis Psicométrico de la Escala Orientación hacia la Dominancia Social (SDO) Mediante un Modelo de Ecuaciones Estructurales Exploratorias (ESEM) / Psychometric Analysis of the Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) Scale Through a Model of Exploratory Structural Equations (ESEM)

Resumen El objetivo de la presente investigación es analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala Orientación hacia la Dominancia Social (SDO), en una muestra no universitaria de la ciudad de Arica, Chile, implementando técnicas psicométricas de acuerdo con el estado del arte disciplinar. El muestreo fue no probabilístico, por conveniencia y disponibilidad de 812 participantes, entre edades de 18 a 89 años. Se realizaron estimaciones de fiabilidad, análisis factoriales confirmatorios y modelos de ecuaciones estructurales exploratorios, contrastando diferentes modelos. Los resultados proporcionaron evidencia de validez basada en la estructura interna de la prueba, presentando buen ajuste de la estructura de la SDO (RMSEA=.076; CFI=.963; TLI=.956), y adecuados niveles estimados de fiabilidad (Oposición a la Igualdad: α=.85, ω=.84; Dominancia Grupal: α =.67, ω =.66). Finalmente, se concluye que las puntuaciones de la escala SDO poseen evidencia suficiente para sustentar su uso e interpretación, en población no universitaria equivalente a la del presente estudio.

Abstract The objective of this research is to analyze the psychometric properties of the Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) Scale in a non-university sample of the city of Arica, Chile, implementing psychometric techniques according to the state of disciplinary art. The sampling was non-probabilistic due to the convenience and availability of 812 participants in a range of ages from 18 to 89 years. To contrast different models were performed reliability estimates, confirmatory factorial analyses, and exploratory structural equation models. The results provided evidence of validity based on the internal structure of the test, presenting good adjustment of the SDO structure (RMSEA=.076; CFI=.963; TLI=.956), and estimated adequate levels of reliability (Opposition to the Equality: α=.85, ω=.84, Group dominance: α =.67, ω =.66). Finally, the research concluded that the scores of the SDO scale have sufficient evidence to support its use and interpretation, in a non-university population equivalent to that of the present study.

Relationship Distress as a Mediator of Adverse Childhood Experiences and Health: Implications for Clinical Practice with Economically Vulnerable Racial and Ethnic Minorities.

Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) are interpersonal sources of distress negatively correlated with physical and mental health, as well as maladaptive intimate partner conflict strategies in adulthood. Economically vulnerable racial and ethnic minorities report the greatest disparities in exposure to ACE, as well as relationship distress and health. Yet, little is known about the connections between ACE, relationship distress, and health. We therefore tested a theoretical model for the mediating role of relationship distress to explain the ACE-health connection with a sample (N = 96) predominantly racial/ethnic minorities (87%) with low income. We applied partial least squares structural equation modeling with bootstrapping (N = 500). Relationship distress strengthened the predictive relationship between ACE and health, and accounted for 42% of the variance in health. The results provide preliminary support for relationship distress as a social determinant of health disparities with implications for interdisciplinary health intervention.

Las experiencias adversas de la infancia son fuentes interpersonales de distrés correlacionadas negativamente con la salud mental y física así como con estrategias desadaptativas de conflicto con la pareja íntima en la adultez. Las minorías étnicas y raciales económicamente vulnerables informan las mayores divergencias en la exposición a experiencias adversas de la infancia, así como en el distrés en la relación y en la salud. Sin embargo, se sabe poco acerca de las conexiones entre las experiencias adversas de la infancia, el distrés relacional y la salud. Por lo tanto, evaluamos un modelo teórico para el rol mediador del distrés relacional a fin de explicar la conexión entre la salud y las experiencias adversas de la infancia con una muestra (N = 96) de minorías raciales o étnicas (87%) predominantemente de bajos recursos. Aplicamos un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales utilizando regresión parcial por mínimos cuadrados con análisis de remuestreo (N = 500). El distrés relacional fortaleció la relación predictiva entre las experiencias adversas de la infancia y la salud, y justificó el 42% de la varianza en la salud. Los resultados ofrecen un respaldo preliminar del distrés de la relación como determinante social de divergencias en la salud con implicancias para una intervención interdisciplinaria en la salud.

Life, Family and Food Satisfaction in University Students / Satisfacción con la vida, la familia y la alimentación en estudiantes universitarios

Abstract This study assesses the relationship between food satisfaction and family satisfaction and their relationships to university student life satisfaction, while also exploring the moderating role of the place of student residence, student self-health perception and the importance students assign to food in relation to well-being. A survey was applied to a convenience sample of 269 university students. The questionnaire included: the Satisfaction with Life Scale, Satisfaction with Food-related Life, the family subscale of the Multidimensional Students' Life Satisfaction Scale and the first item of the Health-related Quality of Life Index. Having controlled for gender and socioeconomic status, it was found that a student's life satisfaction was significantly related to food satisfaction and, to a lesser extent, family satisfaction. Food satisfaction was positively and significantly related to family satisfaction. A moderating role of student residence was not found. Student health self-perception was found to moderate the relationship between family and life satisfaction, whereas the importance assigned to food in relation to well-being was found to moderate the relationship between food and student life satisfaction. These findings suggest that, in order to increase student life satisfaction, it is important to improve family satisfaction for those students who have a negative health self-perception. Likewise, improving food satisfaction is relevant for those students who gave low importance to food in regard to their well-being.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la relación entre la satisfacción con la alimentación y la satisfacción familiar, sus relaciones con la satisfacción con la vida de estudiantes universitarios y explorar el rol moderador del lugar donde el estudiante vive, su autopercepción de la salud y de la importancia asignada a la alimentación para el bienestar. Se aplicó una encuesta a una muestra por conveniencia de 269 estudiantes universitarios. El cuestionario incluyó la Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida, Satisfacción con la Alimentación, la subescala de Familia de la Escala Multidimensional de Satisfacción con la Vida de Estudiantes y el primer ítem del Índice de Calidad de Vida Relacionado con la Salud. Habiendo controlado por género y nivel socioeconómico, se encontró que la satisfacción con la vida del estudiante se relacionó significativamente con la satisfacción con la alimentación y, en menor medida, con su satisfacción familiar. La satisfacción con la alimentación se relacionó positiva y significativamente con la satisfacción familiar. No se encontró un rol moderador del lugar donde el estudiante vive. La autopercepción de salud del estudiante moderaría la relación entre la satisfacción con la vida y la familia, mientras la importancia asignada a la alimentación para el bienestar moderaría la relación entre la satisfacción con la vida y la alimentación. Estos resultados sugieren que para incrementar la satisfacción con la vida de los estudiantes, es importante mejorar la satisfacción con la familia en los estudiantes que tienen una mala autopercepción de salud, mientras que mejorar la satisfacción con la alimentación es relevante en los estudiantes que asignan baja importancia a la alimentación para su bienestar.

Modelo de ecuaciones estructurales: una guía para ciencias médicas y ciencias de la salud / Structural equation modeling: a guide for medical and health sciences

El modelo de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM) es una técnica de análisis estadística multivariada, que permite analizar patrones complejos de relaciones entre variables, realizar comparaciones entre e intragrupos, y validar modelos teóricos y empíricos. SEM puede ser utilizado para responder una amplia variedad de preguntas de investigación tanto en diseños experimentales como no experimentales. Pese a sus ventajas sobre técnicas tradicionales como la regresión múltiple o ANOVA, su uso en ciencias médicas y de la salud es poco frecuente. Por tanto, el objetivo de este artículo es introducir esta técnica de análisis a investigadores de las ciencias médicas y de la salud, explicando su aplicación con ejemplos del estudio chileno de predictores psicológicos de obesidad y síndrome metabólico (PPOMS). Se espera contribuir a la comprensión de esta técnica de análisis entre lectores de manuscritos científicos y estimular su uso entre investigadores de las ciencias médicas y de la salud.

Structural equation modeling (SEM) is a multivariate statistical analysis technique, utilized to analyze complex patterns of relationships among a set of variables, conduct between-groups and within-groups comparisons, and validate theoretical and empirical models. SEM can be used to answer several research questions including those formulated in the context of experimental and non-experimental designs. Despite the several advantages that SEM has over traditional procedures, such as multiple regression or ANOVA, it has not been applied frequently in the medical and health science domains. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to present SEM as a robust and comprehensive analytical technique capable of strengthening and increasing the accuracy of the analyses in medical and health research. The functioning and applications of SEM are illustrated through one research example: a Chilean study of psychological predictors of obesity and metabolic syndrome. This article is aimed at contributing to a better understanding of this technique among readers of scientific publications and facilitating its implementation in future research.

Precisión en la recuperación de parámetros, con datos ordinales, en el Análisis de Estructura de Covarianza y el Modelo de Rutas mediante Mínimos Cuadrados Parciales / Accuracy on Parameter Recovery, with Ordinals Data, of Structure Covariance Analysis and Partial Least Squares Path Modeling

Se compara la precisión en la recuperación de parámetros del Análisis de Estructura de Covarianza (ACOV) y el Modelo de Rutas mediante Mínimos Cuadrados Parciales (PLS-PM), en un modelo simple con variables manifiestas simuladas con escala ordinal de cinco puntos. Se utiliza un diseño experimental, manipulando el método de estimación, tamaño muestral, nivel de asimetría y tipo de especificación del modelo. Se valora la media de las diferencias absolutas para el modelo estructural. ACOV presenta estimaciones más precisas que PLS-PM, en distintas condiciones experimentales. Cuando se utiliza un tamaño muestral pequeño, ambas técnicas son igualmente precisas. Se sugiere utilizar ACOV frente a PLS-PM. Se desaconseja fundamentar la elección de PLS-PM frente a ACOV en la utilización de una muestra pequeña.

The accuracy on parameter recovery is compared between Structure Covariance Analysis (ACOV) and Partial Least Squares Path Modeling (PLS-PM), with simulated ordinals data with 5 points, in a simple model. An experimental design is used, controlling the estimation method, sample size, skewness level and model specification. Mean absolute differences are used to assess accuracy for the structural model. ACOV provided more accurate estimates of the structural parameters than PLS-PM in different experimental conditions. With a small sample size, both techniques are equally accurate. Using ACOV against PLS -PM is suggested. PLS choosing ACOV instead based on the use of a small sample size is not recommended.

Características organizacionales, estrés y consumo de alcohol en trabajadores de una empresa textil mexicana

resumen está disponible en el texto completo

Abstract: There are different factors within work environment that could créate both wellbeing and distress in workers. The climate perception employees have, as well as their evaluation of some, could have positive and negative consequences at personal and organizational levels. Work stress is another element that has meaningful repercussions on the health of people and on the quality of their performance; it has been related to alcohol and psychoactive substances abuse, besides of an increase in different social and work problems. The main objective of this paper is to determine the relationship between organizational factors (such as work stress, organization climate, and work satisfaction) and alcohol use, and the occurrence of industrial problems and accidents in Mexican workers in a textile organization. Method In order to interfere as less as possible with the production process, this study was carried out at the facilities of the organization, during work hours and during weekends. Thus, only employees who attended to work these days were interviewed. The sample included 277 workers who basically performed as operative staff. No more organization characteristics are described on behalf of an agreement, and of the anonymity of the answers given by the subjects. All the interviewees were men, their ages fluctuated between 16 and 65 years, 85% of them had attained junior high school, and 72% were married or living with a partner. A self rated questionnaire was used, along with the AUDIT (alcohol use disorder identification test) alcohol test, a work stress scale, another scale for organization climate, one more for work satisfaction, and some general questions. All the scales had good internal consistency. The procedure consisted in gathering 20 workers in a well-ventilated and illuminated room. The interviewer, who was previously trained, read the instructions aloud, emphasizing anonymity and confidentiality of any information the workers give, and stating that no one from the company would have access to the data. Analyses were performed with statistical software SPSS 11.5. EQS 6.0 was used to test the structural equation model with the relationship between organizational factors, alcohol use and negative consequences at work. Results Organizational climate. Most of the workers (92%) perceived a good level of communication with the work group, 87.2% mentioned to receive help from the boss when they have to do an activity they are not familiar with, 78% said they have enough support to solve the problems related to work. There were differences between the workers according to education level; the ones with the higher level perceived a more adverse climate. There were differences also between shifts (morning, evening, and mixed); the workers from the first one perceived a less favorable climate. Work satisfaction. Most of the workers think of their job as something useful (95%), 93% said they liked it, and 88.3% mentioned their families are satisfied. There are statistical differences be-tween satisfaction and education levels; subjects who had only basic education were more satisfied than those with a higher level. The stress sources are related to the effort implied in the struggle to move forward (87.6%), to have too much work to do (60.5%), and to the possibility of an accident when subjects are careless (51.6%). The total scale scores indicated that 14.2% of the workers had high levels of work stress. Alcohol use: 61.7% of the workers consumed alcohol during the previous year. According to the AUDIT (using eight or more as a cutoff score) 25.8% were classified as cases for alcohol related problems; 26.5% of the subjects had risk consumption, and 5.3% were consuming in a dangerous way because of the frequency and the amount they drink. Work problems: 24.1% of the subjects mentioned they have invested more time than usual in some activity related to work, 21% have been told off because of their performance, 18% felt they could not achieve quality outcomes. The incidents that workers mentioned were: hand injuries (17.5%), finger injuries (15.7%), being close to suffer an accident (13.5%), and suffering damage or injuries when working (10%). A structural equation model allowed to observe that organizational factors, climate, satisfaction, and work stress are meaningful predictors of work accidents and problems. Of all the variables included in this analysis, work stress also was the one that best predicted alcohol use at the work place. A direct effect of the individual level of alcohol use and of the use at the work place on problems and accidents, was observed. This effect was not initially considered in the model of individual consumption, neither were the frequency, the amount consumed, nor the excessive use; it was necessary to add this direct path to adjust the model so they were observed as important elements. Discussion Interviewees perceived communication as an important climate issue, mainly when established with the work group. Another element mentioned as important was perceived, that is support from the boss or supervisor to solve problems. Education level has a relevant role in the way workers live their work climate; those with a lower level experience it as more favorable. This could be the consequence of higher work expectations related to a higher education level. There are differences among shifts; workers from the first shift experienced a more favorable climate. The model included climate as a meaningful element for the presence of consequences at work place; this had a direct effect over the existence of problems and the occurrence of accidents, it was opposite to the results observed in other studios were there was not a direct relationship. Work satisfaction has to do with job usefulness, the joy for the task done, and family satisfaction with the position. The education at level affects perception of work climate. This evaluation of the worker climate has been identified as a significant factor for the reduction of negative effects at work. It is necessary to mention that employees with a higher stress level are the married ones, which may be caused by the responsibilities implied in being a family supplier. This concurs with the result of a study on burnout, which found that being married is a risk factor to develop high stress. Work stress was the most predictive component of accidents and problems at the work place, which had a direct relation (0.50). It also directly predicted alcohol use at the work place (0.22), and had a negative statistical difference with climate (-.29). Thus, it is important to consider that when workers perceive a better climate, stress level goes down, and it is necessary to consider this organizational factor to improve work conditions besides employees' physical and mental health. According to the model tested in this study, alcohol use has a direct and meaningful effect on performance and on the frequency of problems and accidents, inside and outside the organization. It is important to consider that prevention in work places must be done globally, taking into account organizational factors such as climate, stress, and worker satisfaction. It also should include educative and practical elements that allow reducing excessive alcohol use and its negative consequences (poor performance, bad interpersonal relationships, and bad outcome quality) at work, besides reducing also industrial accidents. The most frequent work problems were as follows: to invest more time than necessary in an activity, to be told-off because of mistakes, and to have problems with the boss or supervisor. These events have an impact on productivity and represent money loss for the company. The most frequent accidents were as follows: hand injuries, which are related to heavy machinery operation, basic in the production process of this industry. This reflects the need to consider the physical aspects of the place where activities are performed, as well as the psychosocial factors affecting individuals, all of which will result in benefit of any organization.